Association Between Maternal Myopia and Myopia in Children Aged 10-12 Years in Karanggondang, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35960/vm.v18i3.2197Keywords:
Childhood myopia, maternal myopia, refractive error, school-aged children, IndonesiaAbstract
Myopia is the most common refractive error among school-aged children and a growing public health concern, particularly in developing countries. Although parental myopia is widely recognized as a genetic risk factor, evidence from Indonesia, especially among children aged 10 to 12 years, remains limited and inconsistent. By focusing on maternal myopia as a single and practical familial indicator in school-based settings, this study also considers a null association as a meaningful context-specific finding. This observational analytic study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted from August to October 2025 in three public elementary schools in Karanggondang, Indonesia. A total of 88 child-mother pairs were recruited using purposive sampling. Visual acuity in both children and mothers was assessed using a Snellen chart without cycloplegic refraction. Refractive status was classified dichotomously as myopia or non-myopia. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests with Yates’ continuity correction, and associations were expressed as odds ratios with 95 percent confidence intervals. The prevalence of myopia was 20.5 percent among children and 59.1 percent among mothers. Childhood myopia was slightly more frequent among children of myopic mothers at 12.5 percent compared with 8.0 percent among those of non-myopic mothers. However, no statistically significant association was found between maternal myopia and childhood myopia, with a p value of 1.000. The estimated odds ratio was 1.12 with a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.385 to 3.209. Maternal myopia was not a significant independent predictor of myopia in children aged 10 to 12 years in this population. This context-specific null finding suggests that maternal myopia alone may have limited explanatory value. Preventive strategies should prioritize modifiable lifestyle factors alongside routine vision screening, and future studies should incorporate cycloplegic refraction and broader familial and environmental measures
References
Alrasheed, S. H., Naidoo, K. S., & Clarke-Farr, P. C. (2016). Childhood eye care services in South Darfur State of Sudan: Learner and parent perspectives [Children; school; eye care; spectacles; refractive error; knowledge;barriers; optometrist]. 2016, 75(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v75i1.315
Andayani, A., Saraswati, N. M. G., Suryathi, N. M. A., & Rahayu, N. K. (2021). The Consistency of Visual Acuity Measurement Using PEEK Acuity and Snellen-E Performed by Trained Teachers in Elementary School Students. Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science, 15(2), 145-148. https://doi.org/10.15562/ijbs.v15i2.325
Aritonang, C., Putri, S. A., & Utomo, B. (2022). The Effectiveness of Using Peek Acuity in Vision Screening for the Admission of Elementary School Students. Bali Medical Journal, 11(2), 671-675. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v11i2.3445
Barliana, J. D., Lestari, Y. D., Fedora, G., Djunaedi, L. A., Casey, A., Rahayu, T., Sitompul, R., Victor, A. A., & Sungkar, S. (2023). The Prevalence of Myopia and its Associated Factors Among School-Aged Children in Pamijahan Village, Bogor District. eJournal Kedokteran Indonesia, 11(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.23886/ejki.11.210.3
Bhansali, S. C., Ravi Sunder, R., & Subbarao, G. (2019). A Comprehensive Study on Prevalence of Myopia in School Going Children. Scholars International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 02(10), 292-294. https://doi.org/10.36348/SIJAP.2019.v02i10.003
Cholera, P., Tamboli, K., Chakravarty, N., & Resident, J. (2020). Qualitative Analysis of Refractive Errors in School Children. Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 4(2), 284-286. https://doi.org/10.18231/2395-1451.2018.0063
Chukwuneke, F. N., & Ezenwugo, A. C. (2022). Ethical Guidelines and Regulations in Conducting Clinical Research in Children. International Journal of Medicine and Health Development, 27(1), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmh.ijmh_64_20
Congdon, N., Burnett, A., & Frick, K. (2019). The impact of uncorrected myopia on individuals and society. Community Eye Health, 32(105), 7-8.
Cui, J., Fu, J., Li, L., Chen, W., Meng, Z., Su, H., Yao, Y., & Dai, W. (2021). Prevalence and Pattern of Refractive Error and Visual Impairment Among Schoolchildren: The Lhasa Childhood Eye Study. BMC Ophthalmology, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-021-02134-8
Dennis, C.-L., Carsley, S., Brennenstuhl, S., Brown, H. K., Marini, F., Bell, R. C., Miller, A., Ravindran, S., D’Paiva, V., Dol, J., & Birken, C. S. (2022). Screen use and internet addiction among parents of young children: A nationwide Canadian cross-sectional survey. PLOS ONE, 17(1), e0257831. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257831
Ekpenyong, B. N., Naidoo, K., Ndep, A. O., Akpan, M. I., & Ekanem, E. (2020). Prevalence and Determinants of Visual Impairment Amongst School-Aged Children in Southern Nigeria. African Vision and Eye Health, 79(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v79i1.534
Flitcroft, D. I., He, M., Jonas, J. B., Jong, M., Naidoo, K., Ohno-Matsui, K., Rahi, J., Resnikoff, S., Vitale, S., & Yannuzzi, L. (2019). IMI – Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 60(3), M20-M30. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-25957
Ghorbani‐Mojarrad, N., Plotnikov, D., Williams, C., & Guggenheim, J. A. (2020). Association Between Polygenic Risk Score and Risk of Myopia. JAMA Ophthalmology, 138(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.4421
Holden, B. A., Fricke, T. R., Wilson, D. A., Jong, M., Naidoo, K. S., Sankaridurg, P., Wong, T. Y., Naduvilath, T. J., & Resnikoff, S. (2016). Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology, 123(5), 1036-1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006
Iqbal, F., Khalil, I., & Zahid, M. (2020). Prevalence of Refractive Errors in School Going Children in District Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advances in Ophthalmology & Visual System, 10(1), 4-6. https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00372
Jiang, D., Lin, H., Li, C., Liu, L., Xiao, H., Lin, Y., Huang, X., & Chen, Y. (2021). Longitudinal association between myopia and parental myopia and outdoor time among students in Wenzhou: a 2.5-year longitudinal cohort study. BMC Ophthalmology, 21(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01763-9
Jiang, X., Tarczy-Hornoch, K., Cotter, S. A., Matsumura, S., Mitchell, P., Rose, K. A., Katz, J., Saw, S.-M., Varma, R., & Consortium, f. t. P. (2020). Association of Parental Myopia With Higher Risk of Myopia Among Multiethnic Children Before School Age. JAMA Ophthalmology, 138(5), 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.0412
Kim, H., Seo, J. S., Yoo, W. S., Kim, G. N., Kim, R. B., Chae, J. E., Chung, I., Seo, S. W., & Kim, S. J. (2020). Factors associated with myopia in Korean children: Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey 2016–2017 (KNHANES VII). BMC Ophthalmology, 20(1), 31.
Kim, J. M., & Choi, Y. J. (2024). Nutritional intake, environmental factors, and their impact on myopia prevalence in Korean children aged 5–12 years. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 43(1), 14.
Kızıltoprak, H., & Kocabaş, D. Ö. (2024). Myopia; Epidemiology, Prevalence, Incidence, Genetics and Risk Factors. Güncel Retina Dergisi (Current Retina Journal), 9(4), 230-234. https://doi.org/10.37783/crj-0472
Li, D., Chan, V. F., Virgili, G., Mavi, S., Pundir, S., Singh, M. K., She, X., Piyasena, P., Clarke, M., Whitestone, N., Patnaik, J. L., Xiao, B., Cherwek, D. H., Negash, H., O'Connor, S., Prakalapakorn, S. G., Huang, H., Wang, H., Boswell, M., & Congdon, N. (2024). Impact of Vision Impairment and Ocular Morbidity and Their Treatment on Quality of Life in Children: A Systematic Review. Ophthalmology, 131(2), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.09.005
Li, T., Yang, J., Yan, J., Yao, X., Du, B., Wu, Q., Meng, X., Liu, Y., Lu, Y., Wang, Q., Yang, Q., Kee, C. S., Tham, C. C., Wei, R., Huang, G., & Yan, H. (2024). Interaction between parental myopia and children lifestyle on the incidence of myopia among children aged 6-18 years: a cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China. BMJ Open, 14(1), e080929. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080929
Marisa Surya, A., Deneska, R. S., Rozalina, L., & Reni, P. (2023). The relationship between parental risk factors with degree of severity in myopia. Bali Medical Journal, 12(2), 1708-1712. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i2.4522
Naidoo, K. S., & Jaggernath, J. (2012). Uncorrected refractive errors. Indian J Ophthalmol, 60(5), 432-437. https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.100543
Nurjanah, N. (2018). Skrining Miopia pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar di Kabupaten Temanggung. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 9(2), 134-140. https://doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2018.9.2.134-140
Pactwa, F., Ślusarczyk, D., Żmuda, B., Jakubowska, W., Pisera, P., Kiełkowicz, A., Żuberek, M., & Popińska, Z. (2023). Ophthalmic examination in children – comprehensive literature review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 49(1), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.49.01.008
Pramesti, N. (2022). Pembaruan Informasi Terkini dan Panduan Tentang Pengelolaan Miopia. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada, 11(1), 242-246. https://doi.org/10.35816/jiskh.v11i1.744
Rathi, M., Chhabra, S., Sachdeva, S., Rustagi, I. M., Soni, D., & Dhania, S. (2022). Correlation of parental and childhood myopia in children aged 5-16 years in North India. Indian J Ophthalmol, 70(9), 3366-3368. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_653_22
Reddy, P., & Chandekar, V. (2024). Juvenile Myopia: The Silent Vision Understanding, Preventing, and Managing Childhood Myopia. Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal, 19(5), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.9734/or/2024/v19i5437
Xiang, F., He, M., & Morgan, I. G. (2012). The Impact of Parental Myopia on Myopia in Chinese Children: Population-Based Evidence. Optometry and Vision Science, 89(10), 1487-1496. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31826912e0
Yotsukura, E., Torii, H., Inokuchi, M., Tokumura, M., Uchino, M., Nakamura, K., Hyodo, M., Mori, K., Jiang, X., Ikeda, S. i., Kondo, S., Negishi, K., Kurihara, T., & Tsubota, K. (2019). Current Prevalence of Myopia and Association of Myopia With Environmental Factors Among Schoolchildren in Japan. JAMA Ophthalmology, 137(11), 1233-1239. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.3103
Yu, M., Hu, Y., Han, M., Song, J., Wu, Z., Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Shao, Z., Liu, G., Yang, Z., & Bi, H. (2023). Global risk factor analysis of myopia onset in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 18(9), e0291470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291470
Zhang, X., Qu, X., & Zhou, X. (2015). Association between parental myopia and the risk of myopia in a child. Exp Ther Med, 9(6), 2420-2428. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2415
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabila Dwi Desi Puspita, Herry Susanto, Indra Tri Astuti, Loan Thi Dang (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Submitted paper will be firstly reviewed by the editors to determine whether the paper meet the edition theme and submission guidelines. Papers which meet the theme and the guidelines will be assigned to selected reviewers for peer-reviews. Viva Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, Kebidanan dan Keperawatan is a double blind peer-reviewed journal which involves reviewers based on their experties relevant to the topic of the paper. Final decision of paper acceptance is solely decided by the editors according to reviewers' comment.
Plagiarism and self-plagiarism are prohibited. Viva Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, Kebidanan dan Keperawatan uses PlagiarismCheckerX and iThenticate to scan papers for detecting plagiarism. Thus, Appropriate citation and quotation should be used
.png)
